DENVER–A highly controversial bill criminalizing 3D printing of firearms and gun components passed out the Democrat-controlled Colorado House of Representatives this week after undergoing a lengthy debate and amendments process. The bill now moves over to the Senate for review.
House Bill 26-1144 would expand current gun rights restrictions by prohibiting the 3D printing of any potentially functional firearms or gun part.
Under current Colorado law, any firearm that is unfinished or lacks a serial number cannot be sold, transferred, or possessed until formally serialized by a federally licensed manufacturer. The existing law, passed in 2023, provides a path to serialization for hobbyist firearms, assembled from homemade parts or kits without manufacturer markings.
Groups and media outlets hostile to gun owners often pejoratively refer to these types of firearms at “ghost guns.”
HB-1144 takes a step further, making “manufacturing or producing a firearm, unfinished frame or receiver, large-capacity magazine, or rapid-fire device (firearm or firearm component) by 3-dimensional printing” a criminal act.
Punishable as a class 1 misdemeanor–and a class 5 felony on a second offense–the bill also prohibits the selling or distributing of digital instructions containing the codes to 3D print a firearm.
During the March 2 vote on the House floor, House Minority Leader Jarvis Caldwell, called the bill a part of an “avalanche” of gun rights restrictions in Colorado,
“No one’s asking for this, this bill feels like an avalanche of continued gun control bills being added one after another,” Caldwell said from the floor, “We’re just getting creative and putting laws on top of other gun laws that haven’t even taken effect yet.”
Constitutional questions
The bill went through a series of notable amendments on its way to passage after opponents pointed out the legislation not only restricts gun rights, but free speech rights as well.
The original bill prohibited the “possession of instructions for 3D printing of a firearm or firearm component in circumstances that indicate intent to manufacture a firearm or firearm component,” essentially criminalizing the mere possession of a digital file on their personal device.
While that portion was removed, the bill still bars the selling or distributing of such digital instructions, which opponents argue is protected speech under the First Amendment.
Another amendment excludes educational and research purposes, including accredited gunsmith programs or higher education classes in which a 3D printed firearm is created, or digital code is distributed between teachers and students.
The bill as passed also distinguishes between potentially functional firearms and prop guns printed for art, costumes, or theatrical use.
The fiscal note claims the bill will have no impact on the state budget, and only minimally affects district attorney offices and county jails (where misdemeanor sentences are served). The analysis makes no mention of what amount of local government resources going to prosecute or jail Coloradans under the new law would be considered “minimal.”
One of the bill’s prime sponsors, Sen. Tom Sullivan, is also the driving force behind several other gun rights restrictions making their way through the legislature, including an expansion of the state’s “red flag” reporting law and a bill regulating the sale of gun barrels.
HB-1144 passed on a 40-25 vote.

